Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g, strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interest).Ĥ. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases).Ģ. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat food every day).ģ. Two of the following four symptoms need to be present :ġ. Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behavior, Interests or Activities difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends absence of interest in peers). Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (e.g. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction (e.g., poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication abnormalities in eye contact and body language deficits in understanding and use of gestures lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.)ģ. abnormal social approach, failure of normal back-and-forth conversation reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect failure to initiate or respond to social interactions)Ģ. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (e.g. The most recent version of the US based Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5 APA, 2013) specifies the following diagnostic criteria (see Table 1):ĭeficits in Social Communication and Social InteractionĪll of the following symptoms describing persistent deficits in social communication/interaction across contexts, not accounted for by general developmental delays, must be met:ġ. Intellectual ability can range from profound disability to superior intelligence some individuals have no use of and/or minimal understanding of language while others have well developed vocabularies symptom severity can also vary from very debilitating to relatively mild. The term 'spectrum' is used to indicate the wide range of abilities and difficulties associated with ASD. Many individuals with ASD also experience sensory difficulties, such as hypo- or hyper-sensitivity to light, sound, colour, smell, taste or touch. The core symptoms are deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities. The generally poor outcome for adults with ASD, including those of average or above intellectual ability is highlighted and possible ways of improving outcome in the future are considered.Īutism Autism spectrum disorders diagnosis causes intervention adult outcomes.Īutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder affecting many areas of functioning. Evidence for the effectiveness of many intervention programmes remains limited although interventions with a focus on early parent-child relationships have a growing evidence base. Assessment instruments that can be used to identify individuals at risk of ASD and/or to assist in the diagnostic process are discussed. The following article provides an update on prevalence data, theories of causation, and recent changes to diagnostic classification systems. In recent years there have been many improvements in our knowledge and understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
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